摘要简要叙述论文的内容，扼要说明研究什么问题以及科研取得的结果，是对整个论文主要内容的概括和总结川，是科技论文的重要组成部分。既是科技论文内容及基木思想的高度浓缩，也是编辑或读者决定文章取舍、相关数据库进行信息情报检索和决定刊物收录文章的重要依据。现在很多科技期刊为提升其国际影响力、促进国际间的学术交流，还要求每篇文章要有英文摘要。由于对大多数作者而言英语非母语，很难直接用英文来思考和写作，故在撰写英文摘要时，常常出现各种各样的问题，如中文式的表达、时态选择错误、医学术语表达不专业、逻辑混乱、读者和编辑无法看懂等。笔者结合《现代临床护理》杂志近年来所投稿件英文摘要撰写的实际情况，总结了规范的英文写作要点。现报道如下。

1摘要的类型    

摘要分为传统型或非结构式(non-structured和结构式(structured)两大类型。结构式摘要又分为全结构式和半结构式两种类型。半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括目的、方法、结果和结论。全结构式摘要包括目的、设计、地点、对象、处理、主要测定项目、结果和结论8个要素。与半结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确、信息量更大，但却繁琐、重复、篇幅过长，而且不是所有的研究都按这个8个要素分类[2]。因此当前更多杂志对于研究类的论文多采用半结构式摘要。《现代临床护理》杂志刊登论文的英文摘要一般均采用半结构式，即按目的、方法、结果、结论四段式进行书写。

2写作要点

2.1目的部分    

木部分主要是说明研究宗旨和论文要解决的问题。在《现代临床护理》杂志发表的科研论文中，表述研究目的时常使用不定式短语。常见的不定式短语有:to explore(探索、探讨)，to  investigate(调查)，to  analyze(分析)，to  discuss(讨论)，[(，describe(描述)，[(，assess(评估)，[(，evaluate(评价)，to examine(检查)，to identify(确定)，to find out(发现)，to observe(观察)，[(，introduce(介绍)，to review(回顾)，to demonstrate(展示)，to study(研究)，[()learn(了解)等。    

例1:调查优化门诊服务流程对患者门诊等候时间的影响。    To   investigate  the   effect   of  optimization  ofoutpatient clinic service on patients' waiting time.    例2:探讨食道癌术后急性呼吸衰竭的护理措施。    To  discuss  the  nursing  measures  for  patientswith acute respiratory failure after esophageal canceroperatron.    例3:探讨CT引导卜经皮肺穿刺活检术并发症的影响因素。To   explore   thecomplications  caused  bypulmonary puncture biopsy.influentialCT一guidedfactors   ofpercutaneous2.2方法部分    此部分一般要简要说明研究对象、研究设计的方法、随机分组方法、统计分析方法等问题。2.2.1表示研究对象的选择、来源及标准的常用句型①...were  recruited  into/enrolled  in/selected  ( ran-dourly ) from...:(随机)招募/招收/选择……② ...were selected based on...:根据……选择……③Inclusion criteria were…:入选标准是……    

例4:选择2006年1一12月在木院体检中心进行健康体检的10 900人设为对照组，2007年1一12月进行健康体检的15 350人设为干预组。    A total  of  10  900   people who  had  physicalexamination in our center from January[()December2006 were selected as the control group and a totalof 15 350 people who had physical examination inour  center  from  January[()December  2007  wereselected as the experimental group.    例5:选择电视胸腔镜手术治疗的自发性气胸患者80例，随机分为康复干预组和对照组各40例。    Eighty  patients  with  spontaneous  pneumothoraxafter  vide<)一asissted  thoracic  surgery  operation wereselected and randomly divided into two groups，40 inthe contrast group and 40 in the rehabilitation group.2.2.2表示对研究对象进行分组的常用句型① ...were divided into…based on…:根据……随机分为……② ...were divided randomly/randomized into…:……随机分为……③... were divided equally into…:平均分为……    例6:将80例患者随机分为两组，对照组与实验组各40例。    Eighty patients were divided randomly into thecontrol group and the experimental group，with 40cases in each group.    例7:将148例施行经尿道前列腺电切术患者随机分成两组，实验组76例，对照组72例A   total of  148  patients  who  received   prostateelectrotomy were randomly divided into two groups，with  76  in  the  experimental  group  and  72  in  thecontrol group.2.2.3表示病人接受治疗或护理措施的常用句型① Patients received ....:病人接受了……② ... was performed on patients.对病人做了……    例8:对对照组的病人实施常规护理，实验组在常规护理的基础上实施体位护理。    The  control  group  received  routine  nursingonly，and  the  experimental  group  received  bodyposture nursing in addition[()the routine nursing.    

例9:康复干预组除行术后常规护理外，实施早期康复干预;对照组则行术后常规护理和非系统的功能锻炼。 The patients in the rehabilitation group receivedroutine postoperative   nursing   and   rehabilitationnursing，while the patients in the control group rece-ived routine postoperative nursing and non一systematicself-training.    例10:选择木院严重早期眼化学伤的儿童患者15例(24眼)给予新鲜羊膜移植术治疗，观察羊膜植片情况和患者手术前后视力情况。    Fresh  AMT  was  performed  on  the   children'ssevere ocular burns(15 cases，24 eyes)，and theamniotic membrane and the children's visions beforeand after surgery were observed.2.2.4表示使用统计学方法进行比较的常用句型10... and ... were compared:对……和……进行比较②…and…were observed:对……和……进行观察例11:观察并比较两组患者ICS治疗依从性及症状控制情况。Patients'  ICS   compliance   and   the  clinicalsymptoms between the two groups were observed andcompared.    

例12:观察两组患者的压疮治疗效果及愈合时间。  The therapeutic effect and the healing time ofpressure sore between the two groups were observed.   

例13:观察比较两组产妇分娩方式、总产程时间、产后出血量及新生儿窒息率。The delivery modality，total time of labor, post-partum hemorrhage and the rate of neonatal asphyxiawere compared.2.3结果部分    木部分主要阐明通过研究所得到的重要数据及其统计学意义。2.3.1表明结果的常用句型① The results showed that ...:结果表明……②It was found that /We found that ...:我们发现③…was clos由related[()…:……导··…密切相关④…increased/decreased by ;…增加(减少)    

例14:结果表明患者发生意外跌倒的主要因素有:疾病因素占44.4%，环境因素占22.2%，防范意识差占33.3% o    The   results   showed  the  major  reasons  ofaccidental falls included diseases (44.4%)，bad physi-cal environment(22.2%)and weak preventive cons-ciousness(33.3%).    例巧:我们发现，观察组产妇胎儿宫内窘迫发生率明显高于对照组，新生儿窒息的发生率明显低于对照组。      We  found  that  the fetal  distress  incidence  inthe observation group was  significantly  higher thanthat in the control group，and the fetal asphyxia inci-dente  in  the  observation  group  was  significantlylower than that in the control group.    

例16:患者的焦虑情绪与患者过分恐惧、悲观失望情绪、社交活动少、产生自卑、多疑情绪，病程长过分依赖及家庭支持照顾不周等方而有关。    Patients' anxiety was related[()aspects such asfears，pessimism，fewer social activities，suspicious-ness，overdependence and inadequate family support.    

例17:调整方案以后，病人满意度较实施前提高，护士绩效考核缺陷人数有所卜降。    Patients'  satisfaction  rates  were  improved  evi-dently and the blemish items decreased significantlyafter adjustment.2.3.2表示结果统计学意义的常用句型①There  was  significant  difference  in...between  Aand B ; A与B之间在……方而有显著性差异。②The  difference  in  ...between  A  and  B  wassignificant ;  A与B之间在……方而的差异具有统计学意义。③(No)Significant difference was found/observed/noted in ...between A and B ;(没有)发现A与B之间在……方而具有显著性差异。.A was significantly different from B in…:A与B之间在……方而具有显著性差异。    

例18:访视护理6个月和12个月后，BPRS评分、GAS评分、患者服药依从性和疾病复发率，经统计学分析，均P < 0.05，差异具有统计学意义。    After  6  months  and  12  months  of  nursingvisitation in intervention group，statistical analysisshowed that BPRS，GAS，the patients' medicationcompliance and disease recurrence rate were found[‘，be significantly different ( P<0.05).    

例19:两组血液标木发生溶血情况比较，差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05 ) o    Significant  difference  was   found  in  hemolysisbetween the two groups.  例20:两组护生的专科理论成绩、专科操作以及护理病历书写成绩比较，经统计学分析，差异具有统计学意义。    Significant differences were found  between thetwo groups of nursing students in their examinationresults，manipulation and record writing.    例21:观察组排痰效果、拔管时间与对照组比较，差异具有统计学意义。There was  significant difference in dischargingsputum  and  optimal  extubation  time  between  thetreatment group and the control group.